Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Die Forschung zur Adaptation an chronischen Erkrankungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter
lässt einen Wandel von einem vorwiegend reduktionistisch biomedizinischen Krankheitsmodell
hin zu einer ganzheitlicheren, biopsychosozialen Sichtweise chronischer Erkrankungen
erkennen. Am Beispiel empirischer Untersuchungen zum Asthma bronchiale im Kindesalter wird erläutert, dass die psychopathologie-orientierte Forschung ihren
Schwerpunkt hauptsächlich auf das Risiko sekundärer, psychopathologischer Komorbidität
legt, das bewältigungsorientierte Paradigma primär den dynamischen Prozess von Belastungswahrnehmung
und Bewältigung bei der chronischen Erkrankung erfasst und das Paradigma der gesundheitsbezogenen
Lebensqualität die subjektive Sichtweise der durch eine chronische Erkrankung Betroffenen
betont. Schlussfolgerung: Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Frage, wie die komplexe Bewältigungssituation
bei chronischen Erkrankungen methodisch erfasst werden kann. Beruhend auf den bisherigen
methodologischen Studien lassen sich drei Forschungsparadigmen erkennen, welche jeweils
nur Facetten des komplexen Bewältigungsmechanismus abbilden. Für die zukünftige Forschung
sollte allen drei Paradigmen Beachtung geschenkt werden, um ein umfassendes Gesamtbild
der Adaptation bei chronischen Erkrankungen im Allgemeinen bzw. Asthma bronchiale
im Speziellen zu erzielen.
Abstract
Background: Regarding the measurement of psychosocial adaptation due to chronic diseases in childhood
and adolescence, there is a shift from a more reductionist and biomedical oriented
disease-model towards a more integrated, biopsychosocial view of chronic diseases.
The three paradigms in measuring psychosocial adaptation (psychopathology, coping,
health related quality of life) will be discussed at the example of corresponding
empirical studies in children with asthma bronchiale. The psychopathology-oriented
research emphasizes the risk of the induced psychopathological comorbidity, whereas
the more coping-oriented paradigm primarily includes the dynamic process of the perceived
stress and the corresponding coping efforts due to a chronic disease. The third paradigm,
the quality of life paradigma, sets its main focus on the subjective view of the chronically
ill subject. Conclusions: In future studies, all three paradigms - each measuring different aspects of psychosocial
adaptation - should be simultaneously included to come to a more complex view of adaptation
in chronic diseases in general and asthma bronchiale in particular.
Schlüsselwörter
Asthma bronchiale - psychopathologieorientiertes Paradigma - Bewältigungsorientiertes
Paradigma - lebensqualitätorientiertes Paradigma
Key words
Asthma bronchiale - psychopathology-oriented paradigm - coping-oriented paradigm -
disease related quality of life paradigm
Literatur
1 Achenbach T, Edelbrock C. Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Behavior
profile. Burlington, VT; University Associates in Psychiatry 1983
2
Asmussen L, Olson L M, Grant E N, Landgraf J M, Fagan J, Weiss K B.
Use of the child health questionnaire in a sample of moderate and low-income inner-city
children with asthma.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2000;
162
1215-1221
3
Bender B G, Annett R D, Iklé D, DuHamel T R, Rand C, Strunk R C.
Relationship between disease and psychological adaptation in children in the Childhood
Asthma Management Program and their families. CAMP Research Group.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
2000;
154
706-713
4
Boekaerts M, Roder I.
Stress, coping, and adjustment in children with a chronic disease: a review of the
literature.
Disabil Rehabil.
1999;
21
(7)
311-337
5
Brook U, Tepper I.
SeIf image, coping and familial interaction among asthmatic children and adolescents
in Israel.
Patient Educ Couns.
1997;
30
(2)
187-192
6
Bullinger M, Ravens-Sieberer U.
Health-related quality of life assessment in children: A review of the literature.
Eur Rev Psychol.
1995;
45
245-254
7
Bussing R, Halfon N, Benjamin B, Wells K B.
Prevalence of behavior problems in US children with asthma.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
1995;
149
565-572
8
Cadman D, Boyle M, Szatmari P, Offord D R.
Chronic illness, disability, and mental and social well-being: findings of the Ontario
Child Health Study.
Pediatrics.
1987;
79
(5)
805-813
9
Cousson-Gelie F, Taytard A.
Goping strategies utilized by asthma patients.
Rev Mal Respir.
1999;
16
(3)
353-359
10 Drotar D. Measuring health-related quality of life in children and adolescents. Mahwah;
Lawrence Erlbaum 1998
11
Drotar D.
Relating parent and family functioning to the psychological adjustment of children
with chronic health conditions: What have we learned? What do we need to know?.
J Pediatr Psychol.
1997;
22
(2)
149-165
12
Eiser C, Vance Y H, Seamark D.
The development of a theoretically driven generic measure of quality of life for children
aged 6 - 12 years: a preliminary report.
Child Care Health Dev.
2000;
26
(6)
445-456
13
Eiser C.
Children’s quality of life measures.
Arch Dis Child.
1997;
77
(4)
350-354
14
Eksi A, Molzan J, Savasir I, Guler N.
Psychological adjustment of children with mild and moderately severe asthma.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.
1995;
4
(2)
77-84
15
Graham D M, Blaiss M S, Bayliss M S, Espindle D M, Ware J E.
lmpact of changes in asthma severity on health-related quality of life in pediatric
and adult asthma patients: results from the asthma outcomes monitoring system.
Allergy Asthma Proc.
2000;
21
(3)
151-158
16
Haverkamp F, Noeker M.
Auswirkungen einer chronischen Erkrankung im Kindesalter: Perspektiven für die familiäre
Bewältigung.
Sozialpädiatrie.
1999;
9/10
325-328
17
Heim E.
Coping - status of knowledge in the 90's.
Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol.
1998;
48
(9 - 10)
321-337
18
Holden E W, Chmielewski D, Nelson C C, Kager V A, Foltz L.
Controlling for general and disease-specific effects in child and family adjustment
to chronic childhood illness.
J Pediatr Psychol.
1997;
22
(1)
15-27
19
Juniper E F.
How important is quality of life in pediatric asthma?.
Pediatr Pulmonol.
1997;
15
(Suppl)
17-21
20
Klinnert M D, McQuaid E L, McCormick D, Adinoff A D, Bryant N E.
A multimethod assessment of behavioural and emotional adjustment in children with
asthma.
J Pediatr Psychol.
2000;
25
(1)
35-46
21 Lazarus R S, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York; Springer 1984
22
Lenney W.
The burden of pediatric asthma.
Pediatr Pulmonol.
1997;
15
(Suppl)
13-16
23
McNelis A M, Huster G A, Michel M, Hollingsworth J, Eigen H, Austin J K.
Factors associated with self-concept in children with asthma.
J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs.
2000;
13
(2)
55-68
24
Mullins L L, Chaney J M, Pace T M, Hartman V L.
Illness uncertainty, attributional style, and psychological adjustment in older adolescents
and young adults with asthma.
J Pediatr Psychol.
1997;
22
(6)
871-880
25
Newacheck P W, Halfon N.
Prevalence and impact of disabling chronic conditions in childhood.
Am J Public Health.
1998;
88
(4)
610-617
26 Noeker M, Haverkamp F.
Methodologische Perspektiven und Dilemmata epidemiologischer, bewältigungs- und lebensqualitätbezogener
Forschung zu chronischer Erkrankung. In: Ravens-Sieberer U, Bullinger M (Hrsg) Lebensqualität und Gesundheitsökonomie. Berlin;
Springer 2000
27
Osman L M, Baxter-Jones A DG, Helms P J.
Parents‘ quality of life and respiratory symptoms in young children with mild wheeze.
EASE study group.
Eur Respir J.
2001;
17
(2)
254-258
28
Perrin E C, Stein R E, Drotar D.
Cautions in using the Child Behavior Checklist: observations based on research about
children with a chronic illness.
J Pediatr Psychol.
1991;
16
(4)
411-421
29 Petermann F, Bergmann K C. Lebensqualität und Asthma. München; Quintessenz 1994
30 Petermann F, Noeker M, Bode U. Psychologie chronischer Krankheiten im Kindes- und
Jugendalter. München; Psychologie Verlags Union 1987
31
Sawyer M G, Spurrier N, Whaites L, Kennedy D, Martin A J, Baghurst P.
The relationship between asthma severity, family functioning and the health-related
quality of life of children with asthma.
Qual Life Res.
2001;
9
(10)
1105-1115
32
Staab D, Wenninger K, Gebert N, Rupprath K, Bisson S, Trettin M, Paul K D, Keller K M,
Wahn U.
Quality of life in patients with cystic fibrosis and their parents: what is important
besides disease severity?.
Thorax.
1998;
53
(9)
727-731
33
Vila G, Nollet-Clemencon C, Vera M, Robert J J, Blic J de, Jouvent R, Mouren-Simeoni M C,
Scheinmann P.
Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders in children and adolescents with asthma versus diabetes.
Can J Psychiatry.
1999;
44
(6)
562-569
34
Wade S I, Holden G, Lynn H, Mitchell H, Ewart C.
Cognitive-behavioral predictors of asthma morbidity in inner-city children.
J Dev Behav Pediatr.
2000;
21
(5)
340-346
35 Westhoff G. Handbuch psychosozialer Messinstrumente. Göttingen; Hogrefe 1995
36
Zimmerman B J, Bonner S, Evans D, Mellins R B.
SeIf-regulating childhood asthma: a developmental model of family change.
Health Educ Behav.
1999;
26
(2)
55-71
Prof. Dr. med. Fritz Haverkamp
Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde der Universität Bonn
Adenauerallee 119
53113 Bonn
Telefon: 0228/287-3289
Fax: 0228/287-3314
eMail: f.haverkamp@uni-bonn.de